forgiveness of sins, and hence the expression of astonishment also functions as a rebuke.5 The words “so quickly” (οὕτως ταχύς) echo Exod 32:8 (cf. also Judg 2:17) and the golden calf incident.6 Israel had just been liberated from Egypt, received the law at Mount Sinai, and entered into covenant with the Lord. When Moses ascended the mountain, they fashioned and worshiped the golden calf, turning aside from the Lord. As Exod 32:8 says, “They have turned aside quickly (παρέβησαν ταχύ) out of